MIT researchers are training the next generation of social robots. A new framework allows robots to understand what might help or hinder another robot. MIT researchers developed an AI technique that reduces tendencies for machine learning models to use shortcuts, creating more reliable results. I accept. Emerging Technologies Why is Einstein famous? Take action on UpLink. License and Republishing. Written by. More on Emerging Technologies View all. Meet the robots with their very own social skills MIT researchers are training the next generation of social robots.
AI: This new method avoids shortcuts to create more reliable predictions MIT researchers developed an AI technique that reduces tendencies for machine learning models to use shortcuts, creating more reliable results. The Delivery Revolution: Are people ready to embrace drones and robots? Towards the end of the s, Max Talmud, a Polish medical student who sometimes dined with the Einstein family, became an informal tutor to young Einstein.
Thus, during his teens, Einstein penned what would be seen as his first major paper, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields.
Hermann Einstein relocated the family to Milan, Italy, in the mids after his business lost out on a major contract. Einstein was left at a relative's boarding house in Munich to complete his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. With their son rejoining them in Italy, his parents understood Einstein's perspective but were concerned about his future prospects as a school dropout and draft dodger.
Einstein was eventually able to gain admission into the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, specifically due to his superb mathematics and physics scores on the entrance exam.
He was still required to complete his pre-university education first, and thus attended a high school in Aarau, Switzerland helmed by Jost Winteler. Einstein lived with the schoolmaster's family and fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. Einstein later renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen at the dawn of the new century. After graduating, Einstein faced major challenges in terms of finding academic positions, having alienated some professors over not attending class more regularly in lieu of studying independently.
Einstein eventually found steady work in after receiving a referral for a clerk position in a Swiss patent office. While working at the patent office, Einstein had the time to further explore ideas that had taken hold during his studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and thus cemented his theorems on what would be known as the principle of relativity.
In —seen by many as a "miracle year" for the theorist—Einstein had four papers published in the Annalen der Physik , one of the best-known physics journals of the era. Two focused on the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion. Einstein married Mileva Maric on Jan. While attending school in Zurich, Einstein met Maric, a Serbian physics student. Einstein continued to grow closer to Maric, but his parents were strongly against the relationship due to her ethnic background.
Nonetheless, Einstein continued to see her, with the two developing a correspondence via letters in which he expressed many of his scientific ideas. That same year the couple had a daughter, Lieserl, who might have been later raised by Maric's relatives or given up for adoption. Her ultimate fate and whereabouts remain a mystery. The couple had two sons, Hans Albert Einstein who became a well-known hydraulic engineer and Eduard "Tete" Einstein who was diagnosed with schizophrenia as a young man.
The Einsteins' marriage would not be a happy one, with the two divorcing in and Maric having an emotional breakdown in connection to the split. Einstein, as part of a settlement, agreed to give Maric any funds he might receive from possibly winning the Nobel Prize in the future. In , Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, since his ideas on relativity were still considered questionable. He wasn't actually given the award until the following year due to a bureaucratic ruling, and during his acceptance speech, he still opted to speak about relativity.
In the development of his general theory, Einstein had held onto the belief that the universe was a fixed, static entity, aka a "cosmological constant," though his later theories directly contradicted this idea and asserted that the universe could be in a state of flux. Astronomer Edwin Hubble deduced that we indeed inhabit an expanding universe, with the two scientists meeting at the Mount Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles in By November , Einstein completed the general theory of relativity.
Einstein considered this theory the culmination of his life research. Einstein's assertions were affirmed via observations and measurements by British astronomers Sir Frank Dyson and Sir Arthur Eddington during the solar eclipse, and thus a global science icon was born. This equation suggested that tiny particles of matter could be converted into huge amounts of energy, a discovery that heralded atomic power.
Famed quantum theorist Max Planck backed up the assertions of Einstein, who thus became a star of the lecture circuit and academia, taking on various positions before becoming director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics today is known as the Max Planck Institute for Physics from to If there are patterns that can be exploited, they must be extremely subtle and hard to find—which is why financial mathematicians are so highly paid.
And some of the math behind these delicate stock market analyses can be traced back to Einstein. He was trying to explain an odd fact that was first noticed by English botanist Robert Brown in Brown looked through his microscope and saw that the dust grains in a droplet of water were jittering around aimlessly. This Brownian motion, as it was first dubbed, had nothing to do with the grains being alive, so what kept them moving?
Still thinking about atoms and molecules, Einstein realized that the visible grains were actually getting jostled by invisible water molecules. On average, he reasoned, the impacts would come from every side equally.
But at any given instant, more water molecules would be hitting one side of the grain than the other, giving it a quick kick in some random direction. Einstein turned this insight into an equation that described the jittering mathematically. His Brownian motion paper is widely recognized as the first incontrovertible proof that atoms and molecules really exist—and it still serves as the basis for some stock market forecasts. In March , the U.
Navy launched a grapefruit-size sphere dubbed Vanguard I into orbit around Earth. People paid attention, partly because it was the first to be powered by a futuristic technology known as solar cells—shiny slabs of semiconductor that turned sunlight into electricity. Today, solar cells power almost all the hundreds of satellites orbiting Earth, along with many of the probes being sent to planets as distant as Jupiter.
On the ground, solar cells are spreading across suburban rooftops, as rapidly falling prices bring them closer to being competitive with conventional electric power. But he did sketch out their basic principle of operation in His starting point was a simple analogy: If matter is lumpy—that is, if every substance in the universe consists of atoms and molecules—then surely light must be lumpy as well. After all, Einstein argued, physicists had recently discovered that when a solid object absorbed or emitted light, it could do so only by taking a discrete step up or down in energy.
And the easiest way to understand that weird fact, said Einstein, was to assume that light itself was just a swarm of discrete energy packets—particles of light that would later be named photons.
If the frequency was high enough, at least a few of its energy packets would have enough zing to knock electrons loose from the metal and send them flying out, so that experimenters could detect them.
Solar cells work in essentially this way: Light streaming from the sun kicks electrons in the cell up to higher energy levels, producing a flow of electric current. No one before Einstein had been able to fully explain this phenomenon. In the nearly six decades since physicists demonstrated the first laboratory prototype of a laser in , the devices have come to occupy almost every niche imaginable, from barcode readers to systems for hair removal.
All of it grows out of an idea that Einstein had in , as he was trying to understand more about how light interacted with matter. He started by imagining a bunch of atoms that are bathed in light. As he knew from his previous work, atoms that are sitting in their lowest energy state can absorb photons and jump to a higher energy state.
Likewise, the higher energy atoms can spontaneously emit photons and fall back to lower energies. When enough time has passed, everything settles into equilibrium.
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