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Please try again later. Close Submit. Ask An Expert Ask a neuroscientist your questions about the brain. The team first used drugs and genetic models to remove sympathetic nerves from the skin.
In response, hair follicle stem cells were slow to activate and new hair production was delayed. Further experiments showed that removing sympathetic nerves reduced the amount of a chemical called norepinephrine in the skin.
Norepinephrine is a type of neurotransmitter—a substance that nerve cells use to communicate. When the team produced mice with hair follicle stem cells that lacked the receptor for norepinephrine, activation of the stem cells was delayed, similar to when sympathetic nerves were removed.
The researchers next used electron microscopy to generate extremely high-resolution pictures of the hair follicles. The sympathetic nerves were not only intertwined with muscle, but also interacted with the stem cells. Further imaging showed that the ends of the nerves and the stem cells formed synapses, which let cells communicate chemically. Finally, the team teased out the role of the muscle cells in the follicles. On areas of the body that do not have much hair or that only have light hair, a person might notice only the erect hair follicle and not the hair itself.
Erect hair follicles look swollen and slightly bigger than usual. This enables them to hold the hair upright, and it also causes goosebumps. When the hair stands up, it offers more insulation. Many people notice goosebumps when they are cold. They may also appear when someone thinks about being cold, such as when they witness a cold scene in a movie. Some people also get goosebumps when they have chills that they associate with an illness or fever.
Some emotionally intense experiences cause the body to release certain chemicals that can trigger goosebumps. Adrenaline , a chemical that the body releases as part of its fight-or-flight response, can trigger goosebumps.
For this reason, many people notice goosebumps when watching a scary movie, experiencing a distressing event, or when they are anxious about something. Likewise, intensely pleasurable experiences, such as listening to music or the gentle touch of a loved one, can cause the brain to release dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical that plays a role in motivation, reward, and pleasure. Experiences such as this can also cause goosebumps.
Certain drugs may also cause goosebumps. For example, a study identified two sisters who experienced goosebumps after taking a medication called milnacipran hydrochloride. Taking drugs that stimulate activity similar to those chemicals in the body that normally cause goosebumps may also trigger the phenomenon.
For example, a person experiencing an adrenaline-like rush when using methamphetamine may also have goosebumps.
Scientists generally agree that, in normal circumstances, goosebumps are involuntary.
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